The Influence of Extreme Heat, on Electric Cars (EVs)
High temperatures affect the range, efficiency, and overall performance of vehicles (EVs). EV owners, those in regions need to understand these impacts. This article delves into how elevated temperatures affect EV batteries, tires, and cooling systems. It also evaluates the performance of EV models in weather conditions and offers suggestions for drivers to shield their vehicles from excessive heat.
Cars rely on lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery packs to power their drivetrains. These batteries function best within a temperature range of 60° to 95° F (15° to 35° C). When temperatures surpass 95° F (35° C) Li-ion batteries, in EVs can overheat, resulting in discharge rates decreased energy storage capacity, and diminished power delivery efficiency over time.
Heat-related Issues: High temperatures lead to a movement of ions within batteries hindering their ability to bind to anodes and cathodes properly. This overheating process can result in the deterioration of battery components leading to the formation of cracks and a slowdown in chemical reactions.
Decreased Battery Longevity: Temperatures exceeding 104°F (40°C) can jeopardize the emission layer of the anode and hasten the depletion of electrolytes ultimately reducing the battery's overall lifespan.
Rise in Internal Resistance: Warmer climates elevate the internal resistance within batteries resulting in prolonged charging times and diminished driving range for electric vehicles (EVs). Research from Recurrent indicates that at 80°F (26.7°C) there is a range loss of 2.8% which escalates to 5% at 90°F (32.2°C) and a substantial 31% at 100°F (37.8°C).
Moreover, high temperatures can impair the effectiveness of braking as decreased battery charge acceptance may occur as a safeguard against overheating. While certain EV models equipped with thermal management systems can alleviate this issue following manufacturer guidelines for adjusting braking settings is recommended to uphold performance levels and preserve battery health in warm weather conditions.
Electric vehicles employ management systems (TMS) to regulate temperatures effectively and prevent overheating issues. In vehicles, there are cooling systems that use electric pumps to circulate coolant fluid around important parts such, as Li-ion battery packs, electric motors, power electronics, and the drivetrain.
Cooling Loops: These systems use coolant fluid to dissipate heat from components.
Radiators; These are essential in the cooling loops and help release heat into the surrounding air.
Air Conditioning Systems: The AC systems include evaporators that aid in cooling both vehicle parts and the interior cabin.
The Thermal Management System (TMS) and Battery Management System (BMS) collaborate to oversee and control battery temperatures. In some electric vehicle designs these systems are combined to improve efficiency and cooling performance.
Regarding in-cabin AC systems in EVs, they have an impact on range compared to winter heating. Prove most effective when temperatures rise above 85°F (29.4°C). These AC systems work independently of the drivetrain providing air regardless of motor temperature.
In climates, the performance of EV models can vary. Tesla Model 3, renowned for its TMS the Tesla Model 3 maintains performance even under extreme heat conditions. Its advanced cooling mechanism helps counteract the effects of temperatures, on battery longevity and driving range. The Nissan Leaf could see a drop, in range and battery health in areas due to its less advanced TMS. To maintain battery health owners should park in areas. Avoid charging during peak heat. In contrast, the Chevrolet Bolt, like the Tesla Model 3 has a TMS that aids in regulating battery temperatures for performance during hot weather conditions.
Park in the Shade: Whenever possible, park your EV in shaded areas to minimize heat exposure.
Use Sunshades: Employ sunshades on windows to reduce cabin temperatures.
Pre-Cool the Cabin: Use the remote start feature to cool the cabin before entering the vehicle.
Monitor Tire Pressure: Check tire pressure regularly as heat can cause tires to expand and increase the risk of blowouts.
Regular Maintenance: Ensure your EV's cooling systems are in good working order by performing regular maintenance checks.
Expansion of Air: In hot weather, the air inside tires expands. For example, a temperature increase from 75°F (23.9°C) to 105°F (40.6°C) can cause a three-pound per square inch (PSI) increase in tire pressure.
Overinflation Risks: Overinflated tires compromise handling and braking performance, significantly increasing the risk of blowouts. Overinflation can lead to uneven tire wear and reduce the tire's contact patch with the road, affecting traction and stability.
Accelerated Wear: High temperatures accelerate tire wear, especially in dusty and sandy environments, reducing tread depth and increasing the risk of hydroplaning.
UV Radiation: Prolonged exposure to UV radiation and high temperatures can speed up the aging and cracking of tires.
Humidity Impact: Continuous exposure to high humidity can cause the rubber components of tires to degrade more rapidly.
Reduced Efficiency: High temperatures can reduce the efficiency of regenerative braking. The battery's ability to accept charge might decrease to prevent overheating, thereby lowering the effectiveness of regenerative braking.
Thermal Management Systems (TMS): Some advanced EVs have TMS that help maintain battery temperatures, ensuring consistent regenerative braking performance.
Chevrolet Bolt: The Bolt retains 100% of its EPA range at temperatures between 70°F (21.1°C) and 75°F (23.9°C). Above 80°F (26.7°C), a gradual decline is observed, with a 9% reduction at 90°F (32.2°C). The AC system slightly increases energy usage, with a significant jump to 20% at 100°F (37.8°C).
Hyundai Kona EV: The Kona EV often exceeds its EPA estimated range in warm weather, with only a 5% range reduction at 90°F (32.2°C).
Ford Mustang Mach-E: The Mach-E maintains robust performance above 85°F (29.4°C), with minimal range loss at 90°F (32.2°C), increasing significantly at temperatures above 95°F (35°C).
Ford F-150 Lightning: The Lightning shows a minimal 1% range loss at 90°F (32.2°C) due to its efficient preconditioning options.
Nissan LEAF: The LEAF experiences range reduction at lower temperatures, with a 22% loss at 90°F (32.2°C). Its AC system draws substantial power for initial cooling, impacting range.
Tesla Models: Tesla’s advanced features like heat pumps, cabin overheat protection, and "dog mode" help maintain cool interiors with minimal impact on battery range. Tesla’s variable speed air conditioner consumes 1 to 3kW typically, up to 6kW under extreme conditions, ensuring minimal range loss even in 90°F (32.2°C) weather.
Pre-Cooling the Cabin: Pre-cool the cabin while connected to the grid to conserve battery life.
Avoid Rapid Daytime Charging: Avoid rapid outdoor DC charging during the day to prevent thermal runaway.
Moderate Driving: Moderate acceleration and speed, especially uphill, to reduce power consumption.
Optimal State of Charge (SoC): Keep the battery SoC under 80% to minimize voltage-related stress.
Parking in Shade: Park in garages or shaded areas to reduce sun exposure and lower vehicle temperatures.
Temperatures above 86°F (30°C) can significantly affect EV batteries, tires, and cooling systems. While the impact on range, efficiency, and performance varies across different EV models, all drivers can take similar steps to mitigate the effects of extreme heat. By understanding and managing these factors, EV owners can ensure their vehicles remain safe and efficient throughout the summer months.
By understanding how hot weather affects EVs and taking proactive measures, owners can ensure their vehicles perform optimally and maintain their longevity even in extreme heat conditions.
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